Bone Marrow Aspiration and Biopsy: Complications and Management

Introduction

Bone marrow aspiration and biopsy are essential diagnostic procedures used to assess hematologic disorders, infections, and malignancies. Despite being minimally invasive, they can pose complications that require prompt recognition and management.

Procedure Overview

Bone Marrow Aspiration

This involves extracting a liquid marrow sample using a fine needle, typically from the iliac crest or sternum.

Bone Marrow Biopsy

A core sample of bone marrow tissue is obtained using a hollow needle to evaluate cellular architecture.

Common Complications

• Pain and Discomfort: Local pain at the puncture site, manageable with analgesics.
• Bleeding: Rare but possible, especially in thrombocytopenic patients.
• Infection: Risk is minimized with sterile techniques.
• Needle Trauma: Damage to surrounding tissue or neurovascular structures.

Management Strategies

Pain Management

Use of local anesthetics and post-procedure analgesics to relieve discomfort.

Bleeding Control

Application of firm pressure and monitoring clotting parameters in at-risk patients.

Infection Prevention

Adherence to aseptic techniques and administration of prophylactic antibiotics in high-risk cases.

Conclusion

Bone marrow aspiration and biopsy are indispensable diagnostic tools, and awareness of potential complications ensures prompt intervention, improving patient outcomes.