Aplastic Anemia: Clinical Features and Symptoms

Aplastic anemia is a rare but serious condition in which the bone marrow fails to produce sufficient blood cells, leading to pancytopenia—deficiency of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.

Causes and Pathophysiology

Aplastic anemia occurs due to damage to hematopoietic stem cells, leading to insufficient blood cell production. Causes include autoimmune disorders, viral infections, exposure to toxic chemicals, and radiation.

Clinical Features

• Anemia-related symptoms: Fatigue, pallor, shortness of breath.
• Leukopenia-related symptoms: Increased susceptibility to infections.
• Thrombocytopenia-related symptoms: Easy bruising, petechiae, prolonged bleeding.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis involves complete blood count (CBC), bone marrow biopsy, and additional tests to identify the underlying cause.

Treatment Options

Treatment includes immunosuppressive therapy, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, and supportive care such as blood transfusions and antibiotics.

Prognosis

Prognosis depends on the severity of the disease and response to treatment. Early intervention significantly improves survival rates.