Anemia in Pregnancy: Physiological Changes and Impact on Maternal Health

Introduction

Anemia in pregnancy is a common yet significant condition that can affect maternal and fetal health. Understanding its causes, physiological changes, and management strategies is essential for optimizing maternal outcomes.

Physiological Changes in Pregnancy

Hemodynamic Adaptations

During pregnancy, blood volume increases by approximately 50%, leading to dilutional anemia due to plasma expansion. This physiological process ensures adequate oxygen delivery to the fetus.

Iron and Hemoglobin Synthesis

Iron demand rises significantly in pregnancy, with a recommended intake of 27 mg/day. Insufficient iron levels lead to iron-deficiency anemia, the most common form observed in pregnant women.

Impact on Maternal and Fetal Health

Maternal Complications

• Increased risk of preterm labor
• Fatigue and decreased work capacity
• Higher susceptibility to infections

Fetal Complications

• Low birth weight
• Impaired neurodevelopment
• Increased perinatal morbidity

Diagnosis and Management

Screening and Laboratory Tests

Routine hemoglobin and ferritin tests help diagnose anemia in pregnancy. A hemoglobin level below 11 g/dL indicates mild anemia, requiring intervention.

Treatment Strategies

• Iron supplementation (oral or IV)
• Dietary modifications to increase iron intake
• Management of underlying causes such as chronic disease

Conclusion

Anemia in pregnancy requires proactive management to prevent adverse maternal and fetal outcomes. Early detection and appropriate treatment significantly improve pregnancy health.