Anatomy of the Nerves and Blood Vessels in the Posterior Compartment of the Leg

Introduction

The posterior compartment of the leg houses critical neurovascular structures essential for motor and sensory functions. The tibial nerve and its branches play a vital role in controlling movements and transmitting sensory signals.

Anatomy of the Tibial Nerve

Origin and Course

The tibial nerve arises from the sciatic nerve in the popliteal fossa, traveling down the posterior leg, running alongside the posterior tibial artery.

Branches and Distribution

• Medial Calcaneal Nerve: Supplies sensation to the heel.
• Medial and Lateral Plantar Nerves: Innervate the muscles and skin of the foot.
• Muscular Branches: Serve the posterior compartment muscles such as gastrocnemius, soleus, and flexor digitorum longus.

Blood Supply

Posterior Tibial Artery

The posterior tibial artery runs parallel to the tibial nerve, providing oxygen-rich blood to the deep structures of the leg.

Venous Drainage

Accompanying veins, such as the posterior tibial vein, facilitate blood return to the heart.

Clinical Significance

Understanding the tibial nerve and its vascular companions aids in diagnosing conditions like tarsal tunnel syndrome and compartment syndrome.