Anatomy and Function of the Coronary Arteries

Origin of the Coronary Arteries

The coronary arteries are essential blood vessels that supply oxygenated blood to the heart muscle. These arteries originate from the ascending aorta, just above the aortic valve, within the sinuses of Valsalva.

Structure and Branches

Right Coronary Artery (RCA)

The RCA emerges from the right aortic sinus and travels along the right atrioventricular groove, supplying blood to the right atrium, right ventricle, and portions of the left ventricle.

• Right Marginal Artery: Supplies the right ventricle.
• Posterior Descending Artery (PDA): Supplies the inferior part of the heart.

Left Coronary Artery (LCA)

The LCA originates from the left aortic sinus and divides into two primary branches:

• Left Anterior Descending Artery (LAD): Supplies the anterior wall of the left ventricle.
• Left Circumflex Artery (LCx): Provides blood to the lateral and posterior aspects of the heart.

Physiological Function

The coronary arteries ensure continuous oxygen supply to the myocardium. Any obstruction can result in ischemia and conditions such as angina or myocardial infarction.

Clinical Significance

Coronary artery diseases (CAD) are among the leading causes of mortality globally. Common conditions include atherosclerosis, thrombosis, and arterial spasms, which impede blood flow and oxygen delivery.