Morphology, Anatomical Relations, and Nerve Supply of the Submandibular Salivary Gland and Submandibular Ganglion

Anatomical Location and Surrounding Structures

The submandibular salivary gland is a major salivary gland located beneath the lower jaw, within the submandibular triangle. It consists of a superficial and deep lobe, both enclosed by the investing layer of deep cervical fascia. The gland is closely associated with critical anatomical structures, including the facial artery, submandibular duct, lingual nerve, and hypoglossal nerve.

Morphology

Histologically, the submandibular gland is a mixed gland, predominantly composed of serous acini interspersed with mucous tubules capped by serous demilunes. This structure allows for the secretion of both serous and mucous components, aiding digestion and oral lubrication.

Nerve Supply

The gland receives parasympathetic innervation from the chorda tympani branch of the facial nerve, which synapses in the submandibular ganglion. Sympathetic fibers originate from the superior cervical ganglion, modulating secretory activity.

Clinical Significance

• Sialolithiasis: The submandibular duct is prone to stone formation due to its tortuous course and thicker mucous secretions.
• Neurovascular Injury: Damage to the lingual nerve during surgical interventions can lead to altered tongue sensation.
• Infections and Tumors: Inflammatory and neoplastic conditions affecting the gland require careful diagnostic evaluation.