Anatomical Basis of Hypoglossal Nerve Palsy

Prognosis and Rehabilitation Strategies

The hypoglossal nerve (cranial nerve XII) plays a crucial role in tongue movement and swallowing. Dysfunction of this nerve, known as hypoglossal nerve palsy, can lead to severe speech and swallowing difficulties.

Anatomy of the Hypoglossal Nerve

The hypoglossal nerve originates from the hypoglossal nucleus in the brainstem and exits the skull through the hypoglossal canal. It innervates intrinsic and extrinsic tongue muscles, allowing precise movements necessary for speech and swallowing.

Causes and Symptoms

• Neurological Disorders: Stroke, multiple sclerosis, and neurodegenerative conditions.
• Trauma: Head injuries or surgical complications.
• Tumors: Neoplasms affecting the base of the skull or brainstem.
• Symptoms: Tongue deviation, dysarthria, dysphagia, and muscle wasting.

Prognosis and Rehabilitation

Prognosis depends on the underlying cause. While some cases resolve with targeted treatment, others require intensive rehabilitation.

Rehabilitation Strategies

• Physical Therapy: Exercises to strengthen tongue muscles.
• Speech Therapy: Techniques to improve articulation and swallowing.
• Medical Management: Treating underlying conditions such as infection or inflammation.