Airway Emergencies: Foreign Body Aspiration

Introduction

Foreign body aspiration occurs when an object is inhaled into the airway, leading to partial or complete obstruction.

Etiology

• Most common in children aged 1-3 years.
• Frequently aspirated objects include peanuts, coins, and small toys.

Clinical Presentation

Symptoms vary depending on the location and severity of obstruction:

• Sudden onset of coughing and choking.
• Stridor or wheezing.
• Respiratory distress.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis involves clinical history, physical examination, and imaging studies:

• Chest X-ray may show radiopaque objects or air trapping.
• Bronchoscopy is the gold standard for diagnosis and removal.

Management

Immediate intervention is crucial:

• Heimlich maneuver for complete obstruction.
• Rigid bronchoscopy for foreign body removal.
• Supportive care including oxygen therapy.

Prevention

Preventive measures include:

• Keeping small objects out of children's reach.
• Educating caregivers about choking hazards.