Adrenal Insufficiency: Etiology, Pathogenesis, Clinical Manifestations, Laboratory Findings, Morphologic Features, and Complications
Clinical Manifestations: Signs and Symptoms of Adrenal Insufficiency
Adrenal insufficiency results from impaired hormone production by the adrenal glands, leading to symptoms such as fatigue, hypotension, and electrolyte imbalances.
Adrenal Insufficiency: Clinical Manifestations
Adrenal insufficiency is a disorder in which the adrenal glands fail to produce adequate amounts of essential hormones, primarily cortisol and, in some cases, aldosterone.
Etiology and Pathogenesis
Adrenal insufficiency can be primary (Addison's disease) or secondary due to inadequate ACTH stimulation from the pituitary.
Clinical Manifestations
Patients often experience a range of symptoms due to hormonal imbalance.
- Fatigue and weakness
- Weight loss and anorexia
- Hyperpigmentation (in primary adrenal insufficiency)
- Hypotension and dizziness
- Electrolyte imbalances (hyponatremia, hyperkalemia)
- Nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain
Laboratory Findings
Diagnostic tests typically reveal:
- Low serum cortisol levels
- Elevated ACTH in primary adrenal insufficiency
- Abnormal electrolyte levels
Morphologic Features
Pathologic analysis shows adrenal atrophy in autoimmune Addison's disease or hemorrhage in acute adrenal insufficiency.
Complications
Without treatment, adrenal crisis can occur, leading to severe hypotension and shock.
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