Acute Renal Failure: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Management

Introduction

Acute renal failure (ARF), also known as acute kidney injury (AKI), is a sudden loss of kidney function, leading to the inability to filter waste from the blood.

Etiology and Risk Factors

• Prerenal Causes: Reduced blood flow due to dehydration, heart failure, or shock.
• Intrinsic Causes: Direct damage to the kidneys from toxins, infections, or ischemia.
• Postrenal Causes: Obstructions such as kidney stones or tumors blocking urine outflow.

Pathogenesis and Structural Changes

The progression of ARF involves tubular necrosis, glomerular damage, and inflammatory responses that impair renal function.

Laboratory Findings and Diagnosis

• Elevated serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen (BUN).
• Urinary analysis showing proteinuria or hematuria.
• Imaging studies such as ultrasound to detect structural abnormalities.

Complications and Management

Complications include electrolyte imbalances, acidosis, and increased risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Treatment options focus on addressing the underlying cause, fluid management, and dialysis if necessary.

Conclusion

Early detection and intervention are crucial to prevent long-term damage and complications in acute renal failure.